A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO IRON SUPPLEMENTATION

FERAPRO, originally formulated by compounding pharmacist Bob Mehr in 1997 and formerly known as BOB'S IRON FORMULA, is a holistic blend of iron, vitamins, and cofactors to prevent and/or treat iron deficiency anemia. The absorption and tolerability of the iron in this blend are enhanced by vitamin C and glycine, while the active forms of vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) and folate (5-MTHF) support the growth and function of healthy red blood cells.

Gentle and Effective
FERAPRO has been proven to gently and effectively increase serum ferritin levels faster than polysaccharide iron supplements. Patients report less constipation, nausea and upset stomach with FERAPRO when compared to other commonly prescribed brands of iron supplements in Canada.

Long History of Success
FERAPRO, formerly known as Bob’s Iron Formula, has been perfected over 20 years of research and patient and practitioner feedback to optimize oral iron therapy, and improve patient outcomes.

Highest Dose in the Market 
FERAPRO is the only ferrous (Fe2+) iron supplement that offers 150mg elemental iron as a single dose once per day, which is the optimal regimen for maximum absorption.   It is also available in 30mg and 75mg elemental iron per capsule dosages for individualized dosing.

NOTE:  As per the Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, this Iron Formula is a schedule II drug that requires professional intervention from the pharmacist at the point of sale. While a prescription is not required, this supplement is only available through a pharmacist. After placing your order online, you will receive a call from one of our licensed pharmacists for a quick teleconsultation. Your order will be shipped out after you have completed the teleconsultation.

NPN: 80087006

• Formerly Known as BOB'S IRON FORMULA
  
• 20 Years of Proven Success in Over 30,000 Patients
  
• Available in 3 Strengths for Individualized Dosing (30mg, 75mg, and 150mg of Elemental Iron Per Capsule)
  
• Reduced Side Effects Such as Constipation and Upset Stomach
  
• Vegan Formulation
  
• Corn-free
• Dairy-free
• Gluten-free
  
• Free of Dyes, Preservatives, and Unwanted Fillers
• Environmentally Friendly Glass Bottle Packaging
• Available in Child Resistant Packaging

Each veg-capsule contains:
Medicinal ingredients: Iron (from ferrous fumarate) 150mg, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 350mg, vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 1000mcg, folate (l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate) 80mcg and glycine 100mg.

• Elemental Iron (from Ferrous Fumarate)..........................150mg
  Ferrous Fumarate provides ferrous (Fe2+) iron, which is more bioavailable than ferric (Fe3+) iron found in polysaccharide iron supplements. It also has the highest elemental iron content of available oral iron salts which allows for once a day dosing.
  
  
• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid).................................................350mg
  The enzyme ascorbate ferrireductase (DcytB) uses Vitamin C to enhance non-heme iron bioavailability by 1.5 to 10-fold. The addition of Vitamin C allows for optimal absorption without having to take additional tablets.
  
  
• Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)....................................1000mcg
  Methylcobalamin, the active form of vitamin B12, is required for the proper development of red blood cells. Methylcobalamin is used in the metabolic pathway for DNA synthesis, which is essential for the final maturation of the red blood cells. 
  
  
• Folate (L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate)................................80mcg
  5-MTHF, the active form of folic acid, is required for proper development of red blood cells. 5-MTHF is used in the metabolic pathway for DNA synthesis, which is essential for the final maturation of the red blood cell.

*Note that a small but significant percentage of patients may be poor methylators due to the MTHFR gene mutation, and cannot efficiently convert folic acid to the biologically active 5-MTHF. Supplying folate already in its biologically active form is especially important, given the prevalence of the MTHFR gene mutation.

• Glycine............................................................................100mg
  Glycine is an amino acid that forms a chelate complex with iron, increasing its tolerability without hindering absorption. This increases the likelihood of patient adherence, thereby reducing the need for more invasive parenteral iron therapy.

Non-medicinal ingredients:  Hypromellose.

Unlike other iron supplement products on the market, which generally have a long list of fillers, binders, and colouring agents, FERAPRO® has only one non-medicinal ingredient, hypromellose, which plays a crucial role in the delivery of the active ingredients.

Take 1 capsule daily with food or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner. Take a few hours before or after taking other medications.

FERAPRO should be taken orally with food to lessen gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramping.

Certain foods and beverages, when combined with iron, can reduce its absorption. To ensure you get the full benefit from your iron supplement, avoid the following for at least 1 hour before and 2 hours after taking your iron supplement:

• Leafy green vegetables
• Tea and coffee
• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Calcium-/magnesium-containing supplements and antacids
• Fibre-rich meals

Check with your pharmacist to see if your iron supplement should be spaced apart from other medications you may be taking. Remember, making dietary changes to include more heme or non-heme iron is an effective and important part of maintaining a healthy supply of iron for your red blood cells. See our Food Sources of Iron insert for more information about managing iron deficiency and tips for maintaining healthy body iron stores.

When will I feel better?

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath, pale skin, and hair loss. When treated appropriately with iron supplementation, these symptoms should resolve within 2 to 4 months, although iron therapy may be required for another 4 to 6 months to replenish iron stores.

Keep out of reach of children. There is enough iron in this package to seriously harm a child. FERAPRO should only be used under the care and supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

• Consult a healthcare practitioner for prolonged use such as beyond 2 months.
• Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you have peptic ulcer disease, regional enteritis, or ulcerative colitis.

Be sure to only take the recommended dose of iron. Too much iron can be toxic. If you suspect that you or someone else has taken an overdose of iron - call your doctor, a poison control centre, or the nearest hospital emergency room at once. Early signs of iron overdose may not appear for up to 60 minutes or more. Do not delay going to the emergency room while waiting for signs to appear.

Store at room temperature (15°C to 30°C).

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO IRON SUPPLEMENTATION

Also available in two other strengths: FERAPRO 150MG  & FERAPRO 75MG

FERAPRO, originally formulated by compounding pharmacist Bob Mehr in 1997 and formerly known as BOBS IRON FORMULA, is a holistic blend of iron, vitamins, and cofactors to prevent and/or treat iron deficiency anemia.

The absorption and tolerability of the iron in this blend are enhanced by vitamin C and glycine, while the active forms of vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) and folate (5-MTHF) support the growth and function of healthy red blood cells. 

NOTE:  As per the Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, this Iron Formula is a schedule II drug that requires professional intervention from the pharmacist at the point of sale. While a prescription is not required, this supplement is only available through a pharmacist. After placing your order online, you will receive a call from one of our licensed pharmacists for a quick teleconsultation. Your order will be shipped out after you have completed the teleconsultation. 

• Formerly Known as BOB’S IRON FORMULA
• 20 Years of Proven Success in Over 30,000 Patients
• Available in 3 Strengths for Individualized Dosing (30mg, 75mg, and 150mg of Elemental Iron Per Capsule)
• Reduced Side Effects Such as Constipation and Upset Stomach
• Vegan Formulation
• Corn-free
• Dairy-free
• Gluten-free
• Free of Dyes, Preservatives, and Unwanted Fillers
• Environmentally Friendly Glass Bottle Packaging
• Available in Child Resistant Packaging

NPN: 80087115

Each veg-capsule contains:

Medicinal Ingredients:  Iron (from ferrous fumarate) 30mg, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 175mg, vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 1000mcg, folate (l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate) 80mcg and glycine 100mg.

• Elemental Iron (from Ferrous Fumarate)..........................30mg
  Ferrous Fumarate provides ferrous (Fe2+) iron, which is more bioavailable than ferric (Fe3+) iron found in polysaccharide iron supplements. It also has the highest elemental iron content of available oral iron salts which allows for once a day dosing.
  
  
• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid).................................................175mg
  The enzyme ascorbate ferrireductase (DcytB) uses Vitamin C to enhance non-heme iron bioavailability by 1.5 to 10-fold. The addition of Vitamin C allows for optimal absorption without having to take additional tablets.
  
  
• Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin)....................................1000mcg
  Methylcobalamin, the active form of vitamin B12, is required for the proper development of red blood cells. Methylcobalamin is used in the metabolic pathway for DNA synthesis, which is essential for the final maturation of the red blood cells. 
  
  
• Folate (L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate)................................80mcg
  5-MTHF, the active form of folic acid, is required for proper development of red blood cells. 5-MTHF is used in the metabolic pathway for DNA synthesis, which is essential for the final maturation of the red blood cell.

*Note that a small but significant percentage of patients may be poor methylators due to the MTHFR gene mutation, and cannot efficiently convert folic acid to the biologically active 5-MTHF. Supplying folate already in its biologically active form is especially important, given the prevalence of the MTHFR gene mutation.

• Glycine............................................................................100mg
  Glycine is an amino acid that forms a chelate complex with iron, increasing its tolerability without hindering absorption. This increases the likelihood of patient adherence, thereby reducing the need for more invasive parenteral iron therapy.

Non-Medicinal Ingredients:  Hypromellose.

Unlike other iron supplement products on the market, which generally have a long list of fillers, binders, and colouring agents, FERAPRO has only one non-medicinal ingredient, hypromellose, which plays a crucial role in the delivery of the active ingredients.

• Take 1 capsule daily with food or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner. Take a few hours before or after taking other medications.

FERAPRO should be taken orally with food to lessen gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping.

Certain foods and beverages, when combined with iron, can reduce its absorption. To ensure you get the full benefit from your iron supplement, avoid the following for at least 1 hour before and 2 hours after taking your iron supplement:

• Leafy green vegetables
• Tea and coffee
• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Calcium-/magnesium-containing supplements and antacids
• Fibre-rich meals

Check with your pharmacist to see if your iron supplement should be spaced apart from other medications you may be taking. Remember, making dietary changes to include more heme or non-heme iron is an effective and important part of maintaining a healthy supply of iron for your red blood cells. See our Food Sources of Iron insert for more information about managing iron deficiency and tips for maintaining healthy body iron stores.

When will I feel better?
Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath, pale skin, and hair loss. When treated appropriately with iron supplementation, these symptoms should resolve within 2 to 4 months, although iron therapy may be required for another 4 to 6 months to replenish iron stores.

Keep out of reach of children. There is enough iron in this package to seriously harm a child. FERAPRO should only be used under the care and supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

• Consult a healthcare practitioner for prolonged use such as beyond 2 months.
• Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you have peptic ulcer disease, regional enteritis, or ulcerative colitis.

Be sure to only take the recommended dose of iron. Too much iron can be toxic. If you suspect that you or someone else has taken an overdose of iron - call your doctor, a poison control center, or the nearest hospital emergency room at once. Early signs of iron overdose may not appear for up to 60 minutes or more. Do not delay going to the emergency room while waiting for signs to appear. 

Store at room temperature (15°C to 30°C).

withinUs TruMarine Collagen is an all-natural, premium select grade collagen peptide. Free from artificial colours, flavours, additives, preservatives, and stabilizers, it is simply the highest grade of collagen available.

Health Canada approved and Non-GMO Project Verified, our collagen is produced using the scales of wild, sustainably-sourced fish from the deep, pristine waters of the South Pacific. Processed using enzymes, rather than heat or chemicals, withinUs TruMarine Collagen is highly bioavailable to ensure maximum absorption.
 
Collagen is the most important structural protein in the body, representing 75% of our skin and 7% of our total body weight. However, from the age of 25, we lose approximately 1% of our collagen each year, which causes skin to wrinkle, joints to stiffen and bones to weaken. Our ultra-pure TruMarine™ Collagen offers a high concentration of specific amino acids, which have been scientifically proven to help with the formation of collagen within the body.

• Minimize fine lines and deep wrinkles
• Repair sun damage
• Increase skin hydration and suppleness
• Aid in lean muscle gain
• Reduce joint pain
• Strengthen hair and nails
• Maintain bone health
• Non-GMO project verified, Health Canada approved
• Free from artificial colours, flavours, additives, preservatives, and stabilizers

100% Hydrolyzed (fish scale) collagen (Ultra Pure TruMarine Collagen).

1 - 2 scoops daily (i.e. 5 - 10 grams per day) mixed with beverage or food (allow time to dissolve). 5g scoop included.

If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have liver or kidney disease, or if you have been instructed to follow a low protein diet, consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use. Store in an area protected from heat and moisture.

Formula 82S is a 3-in-1 (shampoo + conditioner + anti-hair loss) product designed to strengthen hair fibres and restore soft, natural texture to damaged hair and aid in the prevention of hair loss. It fills in a vital gap for patients undergoing hair restoration in that it contains an industry-leading level of DHT-blocking Saw Palmetto, and ensures that clients are using gentle cleansers and not damaging new hair growth through the use of sulfates, parabens, and sodium chloride, found in lower quality shampoos.

Formula 82S’ formulation is 100% natural and contains eco-certified cleansers, as well as the active ingredient, Saw Palmetto, a natural botanically derived 5-alpha reductase inhibitor shown in studies to reduce DHT production, the leading cause of hair loss. 82S also helps new hair grow stronger and existing hair recover its vitality due to a highly-effective blend of natural extracts, amino acids and vitamins.

Formula 82S was recently updated to increase the amount of Saw Palmetto it contains and its primary surfactant and conditioning ingredients improved, leading to greater sudsing and conditioning while retaining the core benefits of the formula. Formula 82S leaves hair feeling soft, healthy and easy to comb, without the need for a separate conditioner, and is an excellent complement to a daily regrowth regimen, such as one involving Formula 82M or Formula 82F (for men only).

• 100% Natural Ingredients with Eco-Certified Cleansers
• Eco-Friendly / Biodegradable / Not Tested on Animals
• Sulfate, Paraben, Sodium Chloride, and Silicone-free
• Saw Palmetto (botanically derived 5-α reductase inhibitor) shown in studies to help reduce hair loss
• Biotin, Vitamin E, Seaweed Extracts, Panthenol, & Babassu Oil
• Sodium PCA (helps maintain vibrancy of color-treated hair)
• Phytokeratine (protects from heat sources such as hairdryers, flat irons and UV exposure)
• A complex of Amino Acids, Provitamins and conditioners specifically formulated to restore vitality, combability and natural texture to dry, thinning and damaged hair

• Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens): a contributing factor in androgenetic alopecia (aga) is the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (dht) via the enzyme 5-a reductase (5ar). Serenoa repens is a botanically-derived 5ar inhibitor that has been shown in studies to have a positive effect in reducing hair loss.
• Babassu oil (naturally occurring fatty acid): eco-certified, plant-derived oil with cleansing and foaming properties. Conditions and repairs.
• Panthenol (provitamin 5): readily binds to the hair shaft, assisting hair in increasing and retaining its natural moisture. Helps fortify collagen in hair, promoting elasticity and hair strength.
• Phytokeratine (thermal protectant): prevents damage from daily sources of heat and UV, and reduces the prevalence of trichoptilosis (split ends) in hair. Returns strength and vitality to damaged hair.
• Biotin (water-soluble b-vitamin): a vital substance for hair health. Stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, and improves hair’s natural barrier function by promoting the formation of intercellular lipids and reducing transepidermal water loss.

AOR Lysine, Vitamin C And Hyaluronic Acid, Hyaluronic acid is a protective substance found in the fluid that surrounds the joints. It forms a thick gel that lubricates and protects joints and is essential for joint mobility. It acts as a shock absorber, reducing friction, facilitating movement and providing nourishment to the joints.  As we get older, our bodies produce less hyaluronic acid, which exposes bones by leaving little to cushion them and provide lubrication, creating friction, inflammation, pain, and potentially arthritis. Studies have shown that the hyaluronic acid content in osteoarthritic cartilage is greatly reduced and that hyaluronic acid supplementation lessens pain and improves mobility in patients with osteoarthritis.

Lysine and vitamin C are two nutrients whose role in the body is to aid in collagen and connective tissue formation. These tissues are required along with hyaluronic acid to form the fluid that protects and lubricates the joints. They also give skin its elasticity and help keep nails and hair strong and supple. Collagen provides structure to our tissues which is important for healing wounds and scars and preventing wrinkling and sagging of the skin. Hyaluronic acid, lysine and vitamin C each contribute to collagen production and are beneficial to promote healthy, youthful skin.

• Superior collagen support
• The ideal formula for hair, skin, and nails
• Cushions the joints and supports healthy cartilage
• Strengthens tendons and ligaments
• Corn, wheat and gluten-free

Hyaluronic acid 98.5mg,
lysine 75mg,
vitamin C 50mg.

Non-medicinal Ingredients: Microcrystalline cellulose, sodium stearyl fumarate, hypromellose and veggie capsule (hypromellose).

 

Take 1 capsule twice daily with/without food, or as directed by a qualified healthcare practitioner.

Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, following a low protein diet, or for use beyond 3 months. Avoid taking in case of known allergy to any of the ingredients in the product. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare practitioner. Do not use if safety seal is broken. Keep out of reach of children.

Dr. Bronner's Bar Soap warm, comforting and slightly sweet & like marzipan or amaretto! Dr. Bronner's Almond Pure-Castile Bar Soap is made with certified fair trade ingredients and organic hemp oil for a soft, smooth lather that won't dry your skin.

• 100% biodegradable in a 100% post-consumer recycled wrapper
• Gentle and versatile
• Good for washing body, face or hair
• Certified trade fair
• Made with organic oils

Organic coconut oil*, organic palm oil*, sodium hydroxide**, water, organic olive oil*, organic hemp oil, organic jojoba oil, natural almond fragrance, sea salt, citric acid and tocopherol.

*Certified fair trade ingredients.
**None remains after saponifying oils into soap & glycerin.

Gently massage in the shower or bath and rinse thoroughly.

For external use only. Avoid contact with eyes. If irritation occurs, discontinue use.

Estrosmart helps to maintain health estrogen to progesterone balance. Its formula helps to protect your breasts, reduce and eliminate the occurrence of breast cysts, stops heavy and debilitating periods and eliminates hormonal acne. Additionally, it detoxifies the liver of carcinogenic estrogen's that are found in plastics, pesticides and cosmetics. Estrosmart taken before menopause helps to ensure a healthy transition.

• Maintains healthy estrogen-to-progesterone balance
• Protects and treats your fibrocystic breasts
• Halts abnormal cell growth, including breast lumps, fibroids, cysts, endometriosis, and thick uterine lining
• For those with PCOS and ovarian cysts
• Halts conversion of good estrogens (2-hydroxyestrone) to bad estrogens (16-hydroxyestrone)
• Makes periods effortless (reduces cramping, heavy periods, mood swings)
• Maintains healthy PAP smears
• Eliminates hormonal acne

Each serving (2 veg-capsules) contains:
Medicinal Ingredients:
Calcium d-glucarate 150mg, indole-3-carbinol (plant sourced) 150mg, green tea extract (camellia sinensis) (90% polyphenols) (30:1 from 3000mg, of green tea - caffeine-free) 100mg, turmeric (curcuma longa l) (95% curcumin) 50mg, diindolymethane (DIM) 50mg, rosemary leaf extract (rosmarinus officinalis l) (6% carnosic acid) 25mg and sulforaphane (from broccophane broccoli sprout extract) 200mcg.

Adults and children 12 years of age and over: Take 2 capsules daily with food for effortless periods, fibrocystic breasts, balanced hormones and for the prevention of hormonal acne, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner. Adults and children 12 years of age and over: Take 4 capsules daily with food for endometriosis, fibroids, cysts, flooding periods, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

Consult a healthcare practitioner prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare practitioner. Avoid taking in case of known allergy to any of the ingredients in the product. Do not use if safety seal is broken. Keep out of reach of children.

Genestra’s 30mg Zinc Picolinate Formula provides an essential trace mineral that is needed for a number of enzymatic functions in the body. Zinc Picolinate Formula support immune function, prostate health, antioxidant production and is essential for the growth and development of sexual organs.

Genestra's 30mg Zinc formula uses a unique picolinate form, which is believed by many health care practitioners to be better absorbed and utilized in our body.

NPN: 80037437

• Helps to maintain immune function
• Helps the body to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Helps in connective tissue formation
• Helps to maintain healthy skin
• Helps to prevent zinc deficiency

Zinc (zinc picolinate) 30mg.

Non-Medicinal Ingredients:
Hypromellose, cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate and magnesium stearate.

Adults: Take one capsule daily with a meal, a few hours before or after taking other medications, or as recommended by your healthcare practitioner. For use beyond one month, consult your healthcare practitioner.

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, do not use. Nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur; in which case, discontinue use. Safety-sealed for your protection and for product freshness. Do not use if outer seal is missing or broken. Store in a cool, dry place.

 

Hair/Skin/Nails Ultra provides key building blocks and nutrients, such as biotin, zinc and silicon, to support skin elasticity and hydration, healthy hair, and nail strength and thickness. Biotin, zinc and silicon are integral collagen and keratin cofactors, which regulate skin elasticity; optimal levels of these nutrients have been associated with healthy hair, skin and nails.

Zinc also promotes immune function in the skin, while clinical studies indicate that biotin may help reinforce the keratin structure of the nails, promoting strength and thickness. Similarly, vitamin C and copper are important factors in connective tissue formation and repair. Vitamin C supports collagen formation, while helping to counter the effects of oxidative stress along with sustained release CoQ10 complex. BioCell Collagen is a patented, clinically researched, hydrolyzed and denatured low molecular weight type II collagen. It provides a naturally occurring matrix of hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate and collagen type II proteins.

NPN: 80094459

• Helps to support hair, skin and nail health
• Helps in collagen formation and connective tissue production and repair
• Maintains skin resiliency, as well as hair and nail strength

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate) 125mg,
niacinamide 10mg,
folate (l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, metafolin) 190 mcg,
biotin 3mg,
zinc (zinc citrate) 15mg,
copper (copper bisglycinate) 0.5mg,
manganese (manganese citrate) 1mg,
silica (frombambusa vulgarisstem and/or leaf, bambusa arundinacea exudate) 15mg,
PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) 75mg,
biocell collagen hydrolyzed collagen complex (from gallus galluscartilage) 250mg (providing 60% hydrolyzed collagen),
grape (vitis vinifera) seed extract 70 mg (4:1, 280 mg dried equivalent; standardized to contain 92% polyphenols) 
coenzyme Q10 (bacterial/yeast fermentation) 30 mg.

Non-Medicinal Ingredients:
Vegetarian capsule (hypromellose, water), potato starch, citrus bioflavonoids and rice bran wax.

Adults: Take 1 capsule 2 times daily with meals, a few hours before or after taking other medications or natural health products, or as recommended by a healthcare practitioner. Consult a healthcare practitioner for use beyond 28 days.

Consult a healthcare practitioner if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking sulfonamides or blood pressure medication. Folic acid supplementation can mask vitamin B12 deficiency. Consult a healthcare practitioner if uncertain whether you are taking adequate vitamin B12. Hypersensitivity has been known to occur; in which case, discontinue use. May cause mild gastrointestinal disturbances. Avoid taking in case of known allergy to any of the ingredients in the product. Do not use if safety seal is broken. Keep out of reach of children.