As the second most abundant intracellular action and a cofactor for at least 300 metabolic reactions, magnesium is a critical regulator of numerous cellular functions, ion channels, signalling pathways, enzymes, and metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation and DNA synthesis. Substantial epidemiological evidence indicates that a low magnesium intake is quite common, and that it is associated with diverse pathological conditions, particularly metabolic and inflammatory disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but also to osteoporosis, and hypertension.
Recent research has highlighted magnesium’s important role in glucose homeostasis, as supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and regulates beta-cell function, while deficiency exacerbates chronic inflammatory stress, contributing to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Supplementation reduces serum glucose, increases HDL levels and improves insulin sensitivity, even among those with normal magnesium levels, and in both diabetic and non-diabetic populations. Magnesium also improves postprandial hyperlipidemia, and down-regulates genes related to metabolic and inflammatory pathways. In addition to improving magnesium bioavailability, citrate itself is a mitochondrial substrate and provides an alkaline load. It chelates dietary oxalates, reducing renal stone formation risk.
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